Seamless and Contunity

                                              Seamless

                       This refers to an editing style that is a classic Hollywood contunity editing. The aims of seamless is that the mechanics of editing should be invisible to the viewer and to the point that they will not notice it when they are focusing on the story of the film. With the editing it should be very good and well done with its style that the audience should not focus and notice it and focus more on the action of the story. The editing must make the story more interesting that the audience will focus on that rather than the editing which shows how good the editing is. This can also reply to all of the elements of mise-en-scene as an error with one of the elements can effect the entire scene as it will be noticed by audiences when it should not. The mise-en-scene should be presented perfectly in each frame in order for audiences not to find any error as this is known as contunity error as it does not match the scene. So invisible editing and making no mistakes with mise-en-scene as it refers to the term Seamless.

                                    Continuity

180 degree rule

180 degree rule example

Combining shots into sequances

  This is one of the key roles that an editor must take on board in order to make the film successful with its camera shots. So an editor would piece each shots and put it into a sequence giving the shots an order which is part of how the script tell the story. The editor would put in sound as well as other editorial techniques that would be needed in the scene which would be part of the sequence. There are two types of sequences that are put into the shots which are continuity editing and montage editing. Continuity editing is where the story is told with successful shots and there are no errors in the shots that would ruin the sequence. Montage editing is where there is a sequence that challenges the audience to think about a connection between both he shots and the sequence which makes the story.

Creating motivation

An editor would create motivation with the shots that would help drive the narrative forward with each shot of a character or a situation that would motivate the next shot and then that would motivate the next shot making it continues. With an action scene that  occurs, this  would cause a subsequent shot to happen and  from this the subsequent shot would  motivate the narrative to go on. This also gets audiences motivated to see what the next shot would be especially during action scenes.

Development of Drama

The develops the drama by putting in certain techniques with both the characters and shots which help to develop the drama. This creates tension and causes the audience to be involved with the drama as this is what the editor does.

One of the techniques that an editor does to develop the drama is External conflict and this is where the story narrative would have an encounter with the protagonist and antagonist which gives a dramatic need to the scene for the protagonist to win and for the protagonist to lose which can give suspense to the scene towards the audience and also the audience would get tense towards the scene.

Another way that the editor uses to challenge the audience and to get them to think about the narrative is to withhold information from the audience which is key to the story of drama. Also by withholding information can be about characters by having a mysterious character that's face is not shown. This challenges the audience to guess at who the character could be which helps engage them with the story. Cross cutting is a technique that the editor uses as another way of withholding information as there would be an action but then would cut to another scene leaving the audience to wanting to know what is happening on the previous actions scene.

There is also another type of conflict that the editor uses for the characters which develops the drama even more which is internal conflict. This sort of conflict concentrates more on the protagonist having a conflict with himself her herself over a touch choice that the protagonist would need to make. So in scenes such as that the editor would use close ups on the protagonist to show how there feeling with their body language which gives an understanding towards the audience.

With developing a drama the editor would have to make scenes that would relate to other scenes that has happened before and after that scene. So the editor would use tense and suspense scenes which would relate to each of the scenes the editor has done.

Subtext is very important and the editor uses this with camera shots of the character expressing how they really feel through the way they act and the way they say towards other characters.

Relationship to genre

        An editor would make editorial techniques that have a relationship genre and its what makes that genre with the editor using shots, sound  which fits into certain genres. So in a drama genre the editor would make sure that there is tension between two characters and would use camera shots to help make it more tense with shot variations to show how angry the characters would get towards each other. In a scene of tension the director would start with a wide shot to show the distance between the two characters but then would get closer with he camera shots such as mid shot then onto a close up and each time the camera gets closer it shows the characters getting more and more angry.




This is an example of a dramatic scene of tension where the editor starts with a wide shot, between the two characters, then the editor cuts to close ups of the characters to show their feelings towards each other with their angry and sad emotions.

In action or adventure film genres the editor would alter shots by giving scenes more details. So the editor would cross cut to other character to focus on their emotions and actions during a scene. Most of the shots cut to a close coverage to show that the situation has changed or is in the process of changing.


 

This is an example of an action genre where the editor has

Engaging the viewer

 This focuses on how the editor uses his techniques in Film to help engage the viewers. There are several ways that an editor can do to engage the viewer,One of these techniques can be production value where there is a huge audience involved in a scene which brings entertainment to the viewer and engages them with the scene.

Also the editor takes certain shots depending on what genre to help engage the audience with the scene. So the editor would use a wide shot during an action sequence to show a lot of detail of the fight which is what the viewers like to see.

Story telling

 Story telling is where it shows what is happening through the use of words or images to help explain the story in detail. There are multiple ways of creating a story but it must require certain elements that make the story such as plot,characters, narrative and point of view. Storytelling is also a way of getting a message or information to an audience through the story. The purpose of story telling is for several reasons such as entertainment by telling stories which gets listeners engaged with the story. There are some stories for educational purposes about events that audiences can learn about. Also, there are stories which show the cultural preservation giving audience a better understanding of culture from the story. This is used to engage the listeners imagination with stories.

                                               This is an example of storytelling which is books as this is a way of engaging a readers imagination through the used of words on the pages.

                                                           

Manipulation of digetic time and space

This in filming is where the editor can change the speed of time and can make what seems like is going to be hours into minutes when shooting scenes. So in films when a character takes a long journey from one point to the other the editor can cut to where the character reaches his or her destination and from this the editor is manipulating time. The editor can change how long time can be which would be impossible in real life. when audiences see films they would get a better understanding of what the character has gone through by showing a couple of minutes of the character which in real life would be years. Flashbacks and flash forwards is a manipulation of diegetic time and space as this would take time explaining the characters backstory to the audience. Editors can also expand time such as a scene where a character is in peril and time expands for the character to escape which is used in order build tension.




This is an example of manipulation of dietetic space and time of Indiana jones as it skips the plane journey when in real life it would take a couple of hours.

Film,video,Analogue and Digital

                                         Film

Film was a process that was used to create motion pictures using a plastic material known as celluloid and it is  projected where it can be viewed in a cinema. The process of making film is a very delicate process as film requires a lot of frames used. 24 frames per second is what is often used for film as this creates normal motion. This works by having each frame exposed to light when used  for filming. The process of how to make film starts by requiring film stock as there are a lot of frames that would be used to make the film. Then you would have the frames in complete darkness away from the light to prevent the frames from being ruined.

There are different measurements of the frame which gives the better quality to this. 35mm is good quality and this is projected in cinemas. Small frames such as 16mm do not give the best quality but where used when film was first created. For the editing of film the frames where used on an editing device known as a film bed where the editor can check each frame and trim certain frames and splicing it together once it is complete.

                                                         Video

           Video is an electronic medium compared to film as that is a chemical medium, with video it can be used for analogue recording,copying,playback and broadcasting. This gives an analogue signal from doing this in video. Directors prefer than film as film is more expensive to do as film takes a longer process where as video is cheaper. Video is captured on a magnetic tape and scanned back over a play-head. Video has audio components that help correspond with the pictures that would be shown on the screen. Digital video differs from video as it processes the same way but it displays a digital signal.

Video can also have digital capture which can occur on video tape by using hard disks and flash memory. This is digital data recording visual information.

                                                                    Analogue and Digital

This is a signal where it works by transmitting information through electric signals. The signal of analogue is a continues signal that represents physical measurements. The difference with digital and how the signals work is that they are a discrete time and the signals are generated by digital modulation. With digital the translation of information is put into a binary format which goes in one or zero.

Shot variation

   This is a technique that uses multiple camera shots in scenes such as long shots, medium shots and close ups. These are used in scenes to convey multiple emotions into the scene and the director uses shot variation to show this to the audience.  A long wide's shot is used to show the entire location of the scene to show where they are. Close ups are used to show the characters emotions by seeing his or her face.






This is an example shot variation where there are multiple shots used in this scene. the first shot is a medium shot which means that it is focusing on the two characters that have been revealed when the door opens. In this scene there is a long wide shot to show the room that the characters have entered. There is a close up on the antagonist to show how evil he is with his laughs and smiles which are used for evil purposes.

Multiple points of view

                                                     


     Multiple points of view is where a scene will be shot in one place but there will be multiple camera angle cuts or a certain distance from a particular event that Is occurring in the scene. So the scene would focus on characters and then would cut to what another character is seeing. Multiple points of view focus on the points of view of what every character in the seen is seeing and it can be from  different angle or distance for each character. From multiple points of view with the audience seeing this helps them understand what is going on by seeing every characters perspective. Multiple points of view can also give a lot of key information.




This is an example of multiple points of view. This  scene is from the film The Hobbit where there is a fight scene between two characters and there are also multiple characters that witness the fight. The camera cuts to different angles and distances between the two characters during the protagonist is running towards the antagonist who is waiting to clash with him.

Following the action

This is an example of following the action where the scene has a car chase scene

Following the action is a directing technique where the camera focuses on all the movements of a character in a film, where there are multiple camera cuts which are used during a chase scene. the director follows the action by using a lot of camera shots and angles during this sequence. With following the action it goes through the journey of the character from the start of the chases scene and then follows the character towards the end of the chase scene. Following the action can have types of camera shots such as tracking shots and also high angles and low angles throughout the chase sequence.

In-camera editing example and evaluation

The camera work of this is good but this can be improved with keeping the camera still whilst shooting these shots.

In-camera editing

                             

                              In-camera editing

In-camera editing is filing scenes in an exact sequence in an exact order from the first shot taken until the final shot which would be in that order. To make sure that you do In-camera editing correctly is that you would plan every shot that you would do before shooting as you would write each scene to ensure that you get it right. In-camera editing is used for sporting activity as these are live events filmed from the beginning of the game and the end. This camera technique can not be have scenes cut or altered in any way. 

Unit 16 and assignment 1 introduction

                               

                                                        Unit 16

              This unit will be focusing on film and editing techniques. We will be editing a short drama where we will show our skills and knowledge in editing. This unit will require us to work with standard editing facilities and to show our skill in using the editorial technology.

                                                       Assignment 1

The first assignment of this unit is to understand the development and principles of editing. So from this we would create educational contexts to explain the development of editing as well as its purposes and the techniques used from editing.